BONUS: learn directory relationships

This exercise shows directories (folders) and files on my computer and how they are related. Everything that happens on the computer ends up in a file in a directory.

preview

I use these commands in the chapter to build each part of the tree below step by step, to see how files and folders are related.

mkdir to make directories
cd to change directories
ls to show what is in directories
tree to show the relationships between directories
mv to rename or move files

WSL/Linux/Mac

touch to make empty files
rm to remove directories

doe
├── a_file_in_doe
├── .a_hidden_file_in_doe
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── aka_grandparent_of_lil
├── aka_grandparent_of_mary
├── aka_parent_of_jane
├── aka_parent_of_john
├── jane
│   ├── .a_hidden_file_in_jane
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   ├── aka_aunt_of_lil
│   ├── aka_jane_doe
│   ├── aka_parent_of_mary
│   ├── aka_sibling_of_john
│   ├── child_of_doe
│   └── mary
│       ├── .a_hidden_file_in_mary
│       ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_mary
│       ├── aka_mary_jane_doe
│       ├── child_of_jane
│       ├── child_of_sibling_of_john
│       ├── cousin_of_lil
│       └── grandchild_of_doe
└── john
    ├── .a_hidden_file_in_john
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    ├── aka_john_doe
    ├── aka_parent_of_lil
    ├── aka_sibling_of_jane
    ├── aka_uncle_of_mary
    ├── child_of_doe
    └── lil
        ├── .a_hidden_file_in_lil
        ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_lil
        ├── aka_lil_john_doe
        ├── child_of_john
        ├── child_of_sibling_of_jane
        ├── cousin_of_mary
        └── grandchild_of_doe

10 directories, 30 files

no WSL

New-Item to make empty files
Remove-Item to remove directories

C:.\...\PUMPING_PYTHON\DOE
│   .a_hidden_file_in_doe
│   aka_grandparent_of_lil
│   aka_grandparent_of_mary
│   aka_parent_of_jane
│   aka_parent_of_john
│   a_file_in_doe
│
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   │   .a_hidden_file_in_jane
│   │   aka_aunt_of_lil
│   │   aka_jane_doe
│   │   aka_parent_of_mary
│   │   aka_sibling_of_john
│   │   child_of_doe
│   │
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   └── mary
│       │   .a_hidden_file_in_mary
│       │   aka_mary_jane_doe
│       │   child_of_jane
│       │   child_of_sibling_of_john
│       │   cousin_of_lil
│       │   grandchild_of_doe
│       │
│       └── .a_hidden_folder_in_mary
└── john
    │   .a_hidden_file_in_john
    │   aka_john_doe
    │   aka_parent_of_lil
    │   aka_sibling_of_jane
    │   aka_uncle_of_mary
    │   child_of_doe
    │
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    └── lil
        │   .a_hidden_file_in_lil
        │   aka_lil_john_doe
        │   child_of_john
        │   child_of_sibling_of_jane
        │   cousin_of_mary
        │   grandchild_of_doe
        │
        └── .a_hidden_folder_in_lil

questions about directory relationships

There are answers to these questions in this chapter

what is a folder (directory)?
what is a file?
how can I tell what directory I am in?
how can I change directories?
how can I make a directory?
how can I see directory relationships?
how can I see what is in a directory?
how can I make an empty file?
how can I rename a file or directory?
how can I move a file or directory?
how can I use directory relationships?
how can I remove a directory and everything inside it?

what is a folder?

A folder (directory) is a box for files, it can also have other folders (directories). It helps keep things that should be together, in one place, the same way a folder in a file cabinet keeps files that should be together in one place.

I keep every project I work on in its own directory. All the code in this book is kept in a folder named pumping_python.

what is a file?

A file is a collection or container for text, like paper we write or print on and keep in a folder. Everything that happens on the computer ends up in files. The name of a file can end with an extension to show what type of file it is. For example

.py for a Python module
.txt for a plain text file
.sh for a bash file
.ps1 for a PowerShell file
.doc for a Word Document
.xls for an Excel Spreadsheet
.html for a HyperText Markup Language file
.json for a JavaScript Object Notation file
.md for a Markdown file

note

The code I type is highlighted and comes after something like I type this in the terminal
The result of the code I type after I press enter/return on the keyboard comes after something like the terminal shows ...
if you get a different result from what I promise then one of two things happened
- I made a mistake or
- You made a mistake
To make sure it is my mistake check that you typed the same thing I typed. If you still have a different result after you check, email jacobitegboje@gmail.com or text 1-469-751-7595 with the error
commands are given to the computer with space between arguments or options, for example
```
command argument
command --option
command argument_1 argument_2 ... argument_N
command --option_1 --option_2 ... --option_N
command argument --option
command --option
```
Note

the space is important, it is how the computer knows what command you mean and what arguments or options you are giving, for example
```
commandargument_1 argument_2
```
tells the computer to run a command named commandargument_1 with argument_2 as the argument, while
```
command argument_1 argument_2
```
tells the computer to run a command named command with argument_1 and argument_2 as the arguments
options for commands sometimes have a long and short form, for example --long_option could have -l as the short option, which means I can put many short options together like this
```
command -abcd
```
where a, b, c and d are different options

if you have Windows without Windows Subsystem for Linux, some of the commands and terminal output will be different, click on the tab where it shows no WSL, for example

WSL/Linux/Mac

You clicked on WSL/Linux/Mac

no WSL

You clicked on no WSL

requirements

WSL/Linux/Mac

I type this in a terminal to make sure the tree program is installed
```
tree
```
If it is not installed on the computer, the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
tree: command not found
```
see how to install tree to install tree
If it is installed and there is nothing in the directory, the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.

0 directories, 0 files
```
If it is installed and there is something in the directory, the terminal is my friend, and shows how they are related.

no WSL

I type tree

Folder PATH listing
Volume serial number is ABCD:EFGH
C:.
No subfolders exist

The tree program shows how files and folders on a computer are related, this helps to know how to go from one folder to another, because it shows the way I can go.

It is easier to go where I want, if I know where I am.

Click here to see what directory I am in

how to install tree

how to install tree on Linux/Windows Subsystem for Linux
how to install tree on Windows without Windows Subsystem for Linux
how to install tree on Mac OS

how to install tree on Linux/Windows Subsystem for Linux

Attention

Do this only if you are using Linux or Windows Subsystem for Linux and tree is not installed.

Click here if you have MacOS

sudo apt update

I always do a full upgrade (you do not have to)

sudo apt full-upgrade --yes

type this in the terminal to install tree

sudo apt install tree

Click here to see what directory I am in

how to install tree on Windows without Windows Subsystem for Linux

Attention

Do this only if you are using Windows and could not install Windows Subsystem for Linux

Click here if you have MacOS

no need to install tree because it comes with Windows.

Click on the tab that says no WSL to see the commands or results if you have Windows without Windows Subsystem for Linux. These are the commands I use

New-Item for touch
tree /F for tree to show files and folders
tree for tree -d to show only directories
dir or Get-ChildItem or ls for ls --all/-a
Remove-Item for rm

when you type pwd or tree, the terminal is my friend, and shows \ between folder names, not /. Click the no WSL tab for an example

WSL/Linux/Mac

.../pumping_python/doe

no WSL

Path
----
C:\...\pumping_python\doe

Your tree will also look different because of different ways of drawing and sorting.

Click here to see what directory I am in

how to install tree on Mac OS

Attention

Do this only if you have MacOS and tree is not installed.

If you have Windows

click here for how to install tree on Linux/Windows SubSystem for Linux or
click here for how to install tree on Windows without Windows SubSystem Linux

type this in the terminal to install tree

brew install tree

Click here to see what directory I am in

how to see what directory I am in

I start with a check of where I am in the terminal because It is easier to go where I want, if I know where I am. I can do this with the pwd program

pwd

the terminal is my friend, and shows

WSL/Linux/Mac

.../pumping_python

no WSL

Path
----
C:\...\pumping_python

if I am in the pumping_python folder

pwd shows the path/address of the folder I am in
pwd means print working directory, it prints the path/address of the directory I am in, to the terminal
WSL/Linux/Mac
- each / shows a parent-child relationship
- the first / is for root which is the first folder on the computer
- the first / is the highest level
no WSL
- each \ shows a parent-child relationship
- C:\ is for root which is the first folder on the computer
- C:\ is the highest level
do you want to see every file and folder on your computer as a tree?

Type this in the terminal
WSL/Linux/Mac
tree /
no WSL
tree C:/
it runs for a while because there are many files and folders.

Use ctrl+c on the keyboard to stop it.

Note

If you see pumping_python when you type pwd, click here to make ‘doe’
If you see a different name, go to the next step - how to change directory

how to change directory

I use the cd program to change directories

cd pumping_python

cd means change directory

the terminal is my friend, and shows

WSL/Linux/Mac

cd: no such file or directory: pumping_python

no WSL

Set-Location: Cannot find path
              'C:\...\pumping_python'
              because it does not exist

this means the folder I want to go to is not in the folder where I am.

how to make a directory

I use the mkdir program to make a folder (directory)

mkdir pumping_python

mkdir means make directory

the terminal is my friend, and shows

WSL/Linux/Mac

.../pumping_python

no WSL

    Directory: C:\...

Mode            LastWriteTime   Length  Name
----            -------------   ------  ----
d-----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM         pumping_python

I use cd to change directory to pumping_python
```
cd pumping_python
```
the terminal shows I am in the pumping_python folder (directory)
WSL/Linux/Mac
.../pumping_python
no WSL
Path ---- C:\...\pumping_python
Tip

I open the pumping_python folder to make sure I can see it in my Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Here is how to do that with Visual Studio Code from the terminal
```
code .
```
- A new Visual Studio Code window opens in the pumping_python directory
- I close the window I had before the new window to work only in the new window.
- I open another terminal to continue

I want to work in a directory named doe, I try to change directory to doe

cd doe

the terminal is my friend, and shows

WSL/Linux/Mac

cd: no such file or directory: doe

no WSL

Set-Location: Cannot find path
              'C:\...\pumping_python\doe'
              because it does not exist

doe is not in the pumping_python directory, yet

I use mkdir to make doe

mkdir doe

the terminal is my friend, and shows

WSL/Linux/Mac

.../pumping_python

no WSL

    Directory: C:\...

Mode            LastWriteTime   Length  Name
----            -------------   ------  ----
d-----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM

I change directory to doe
```
cd doe
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../pumping_python/doe
```
I am in the doe folder I just made
I use pwd to see where I am
```
pwd
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
WSL/Linux/Mac
.../pumping_python/doe
no WSL
Path ---- C:\...\pumping_python\doe

It is easier to go where I want, if I know where I am.

I know how to change directory
I know how to make a directory

how to see what is in a directory

I can use ls to see what is in a directory and see more information about the files and folders in it
```
ls
```
WSL/Linux/Mac
the terminal is my friend, and shows
.../pumping_python/doe
this directory is empty
- ls has a few options. I try ls again with one of them
  ls --all
  the terminal is my friend, and shows
  . ..
Attention
- on MacOS the terminal is my friend, and shows
  
  ls: unrecognized option `--all'
  
  --all is the long form of the option, use -a which is the short form of the option
  
  ls -a
- --all or -a tells ls to show all the things in the directory even those that start with . ( they are hidden by default)
- I can hide a file or folder if I put . before its name, for example .hidden
no WSL
C:\...\pumping_python\doe
I try to change directory to .
```
cd .
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../pumping_python/doe
```
- I am still in the same directory
- . is for the directory I am in
- . is doe when I am in doe
- . is the working directory
I try cd with ..
```
cd ..
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../pumping_python
```
- I am back in the pumping_python directory
- .. is for the parent of the directory I am in
- .. is pumping_python when I am in doe
- pumping_python is the parent of doe
- I can change directory from the directory I am in to its parent with cd ..

I know how to see what is in a directory

how to look at directory relationships

I use cd to go back to doe
```
cd doe
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../pumping_python/doe
```
I can use the tree program to see the files and folders in a directory and how they are related. I type it in the terminal to see what is in the doe directory
```
tree
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
WSL/Linux/Mac
. 0 directories, 0 files
no WSL
Folder PATH listing Volume serial number is ABCD:EFGH C:. No subfolders exist
there is nothing in doe, it is empty

I try to change directory to jane

cd jane

the terminal is my friend, and shows

WSL/Linux/Mac

cd: no such file or directory: jane

no WSL

Set-Location: Cannot find path
              'C:\...\pumping_python\doe\jane'
              because it does not exist

jane is not a child of doe, yet

I use mkdir to make jane
```
mkdir jane
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
I use ls to see what is now in doe
```
ls
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
jane
```
I use tree to show what is in doe
```
tree
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
WSL/Linux/Mac
. └── jane 2 directories, 0 files
no WSL
C:. └── jane
- jane is a child of doe
- . is the working directory, which is doe in this case
- the line in the tree that goes from . to jane shows I can go from doe right to jane
I change directory to jane
```
cd jane
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../pumping_python/doe/jane
```
I am in jane
I change directory to doe
```
cd doe
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
cd: no such file or directory: doe
```
- doe is not a child of jane
- I cannot go from jane to doe this way
I change directory back to the parent of jane
```
cd ..
```
the terminal shows
```
.../pumping_python/doe
```
- I am back in doe
- .. is for the parent of the directory I am in
- I can change directory from the directory I am in to its parent with cd ..
- .. is doe when I am in jane

I try to change directory to john

cd john

the terminal is my friend, and shows

WSL/Linux/Mac

cd: no such file or directory: john

no WSL

Set-Location: Cannot find path
              'C:\...\pumping_python\doe\john'
              because it does not exist

john is not a child of doe, yet

I use mkdir to make john
```
mkdir john
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
I use ls to see what is in doe
```
ls
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
jane  john
```
I use tree to show the folders inside doe
```
tree
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.
├── jane
└── john

3 directories, 0 files
```
- john is a child of doe
- . is the working directory, which is doe in this case
- the line in the tree that goes from . to john shows I can go from doe right to john
I change directory to john
```
cd john
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../pumping_python/doe/john
```
I am in john
I change directory to doe
```
cd doe
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
cd: no such file or directory: doe
```
- doe is not a child of john
- I cannot go from john to doe this way
I change directory back to the parent of john
```
cd ..
```
the terminal shows
```
.../pumping_python/doe
```
- I am back in doe
- .. is for the parent of the directory I am in
- I can change directory from the directory I am in to its parent with cd ..
- .. is doe when I am in john
I change directory to a hidden folder in doe
```
cd .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
cd: no such file or directory:
    .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
```
.a_hidden_folder_in_doe is not in doe, yet
I use mkdir to make .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
```
mkdir .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
```
the terminal goes back to the command line

I use ls to see what is in doe

ls

the terminal is my friend, and shows

WSL/Linux/Mac

jane  john

.a_hidden_folder_in_doe is hidden
I can hide a file or folder if I put . before its name
I use ls with the -a option to see everything that is in doe even things that are hidden
```
ls -a
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.  ..  .a_hidden_folder_in_doe  jane  john
```

no WSL

Mode            LastWriteTime         Length  Name
----            -------------         ------  ----
d-----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM               .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
d-----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM               jane
d-----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM               john

.a_hidden_folder_in_doe is not hidden on Windows without Windows Subsystem for Linux

I use tree to show the folders inside doe
```
tree
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
WSL/Linux/Mac
. ├── jane └── john 3 directories, 0 files
- .a_hidden_folder_in_doe is hidden
- I can hide a file or folder if I put . before its name
- I can also use tree with the -a option to show things that are hidden
  tree -a
  the terminal is my friend, and shows
  . ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe ├── jane └── john 4 directories, 0 files
  - . is the working directory, which is doe in this case
  - the line in the tree that goes from . to .a_hidden_folder_in_doe shows I can go from doe right to .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
no WSL
C:. ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe ├── jane └── john
.a_hidden_folder_in_doe is not hidden on Windows without Windows Subsystem for Linux
I change directory to .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
```
cd .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../pumping_python/doe/.a_hidden_folder_in_doe
```
I am in .a_hidden_folder_in_doe

I change directory to doe

cd doe

the terminal is my friend, and shows

WSL/Linux/Mac

cd: no such file or directory: doe

no WSL

Set-Location: Cannot find path
              `C:\...\pumping_python\doe\john\lil\doe`
              because it does not exist

doe is not a child of .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
I cannot go from .a_hidden_folder_in_doe to doe this way

I change directory back to the parent of .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
```
cd ..
```
the terminal shows
```
.../pumping_python/doe
```
- I am back in doe
- .. is for the parent of the directory I am in
- I can change directory from the directory I am in to its parent with cd ..
- .. is doe when I am in .a_hidden_folder_in_doe

I change directory to jane
```
cd jane
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../pumping_python/doe/jane
```
I use ls to show what is in jane
```
ls
```
WSL/Linux/Mac
the terminal goes back to the command line
- I use ls with the short form of the --all option
  ls -a
  the terminal is my friend, and shows
  . ..
no WSL

the terminal goes back to the command line
jane has no children
I use tree
```
tree
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.

0 directories, 0 files
```
jane has no children
I change directory to mary
```
cd mary
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
cd: no such file or directory: mary
```
jane has no children, yet
I use mkdir to make mary
```
mkdir mary
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
I try to change directory to mary again
```
cd mary
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../doe/jane/mary
```
- I am in the mary folder
- mary is a child of jane
- jane is a child of doe
I change directory to jane
```
cd jane
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
cd: no such file or directory: jane
```
- jane is not a child of mary
- I cannot go from mary to jane this way
I go up a level to the parent of mary
```
cd ..
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../doe/jane
```
I am back in jane
I change directory to a hidden folder in jane
```
cd .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
cd: no such file or directory:
    .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
```
there is no folder named .a_hidden_folder_in_jane in jane
I make .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
```
mkdir .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
I try to change directory to .a_hidden_folder_in_jane again
```
cd .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../doe/jane/.a_hidden_folder_in_jane
```
I change directory to jane
```
cd jane
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
cd: no such file or directory: jane
```
- jane is not a child of .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
- I cannot go from .a_hidden_folder_in_jane to jane this way
I go up a level to the parent of .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
```
cd ..
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../doe/jane
```
I am back in jane
I use tree
```
tree
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
WSL/Linux/Mac
. └── mary 2 directories, 0 files
- I use tree with the -a option
  tree -a
  the terminal is my friend, and shows
  . ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane └── mary 3 directories, 0 files
  - . is jane when I am in jane
  - the line in the tree that goes from . to mary shows I can go from jane right to mary
  - the line in the tree that goes from . to .a_hidden_folder_in_jane shows I can go from jane right to .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
no WSL
C:. ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane └── mary
I go up a level to the parent of jane
```
cd ..
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../pumping_python/doe
```
I am back in doe

I change directory to john
```
cd john
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../pumping_python/doe/john
```
john is a child of doe
I use ls to show what is in john
```
ls
```
WSL/Linux/Mac
the terminal goes back to the command line
- I use ls with the short form of the --all option
  ls -a
  the terminal is my friend, and shows
  . ..
no WSL

the terminal goes back to the command line
john has no children
I use tree
```
tree
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.

0 directories, 0 files
```
john has no children, yet
I change directory to lil
```
cd lil
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
cd: no such file or directory: lil
```
john has no children
I use mkdir to make lil
```
mkdir lil
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
I try to change directory to lil again
```
cd lil
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../doe/john/lil
```
- I am in the lil folder
- lil is a child of john
- john is a child of doe
I change directory to john
```
cd john
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
cd: no such file or directory: john
```
- john is not a child of lil
- I cannot go from lil to john this way
I go up a level to the parent of lil
```
cd ..
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../doe/john
```
I am back in john
I change directory to a hidden folder in john
```
cd .a_hidden_folder_in_john
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
cd: no such file or directory:
    .a_hidden_folder_in_john
```
there is no folder named .a_hidden_folder_in_john in john
I use mkdir to make .a_hidden_folder_in_john
```
mkdir .a_hidden_folder_in_john
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
I try to change directory to .a_hidden_folder_in_john again
```
cd .a_hidden_folder_in_john
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../doe/john/.a_hidden_folder_in_john
```
I change directory to john
```
cd john
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
cd: no such file or directory: john
```
- john is not a child of .a_hidden_folder_in_john
- I cannot go from .a_hidden_folder_in_john to john this way
I go up a level to the parent of .a_hidden_folder_in_john
```
cd ..
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../doe/john
```
I am back in john
I use tree
```
tree
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
WSL/Linux/Mac
. └── lil 2 directories, 0 files
- I use tree with the -a option
  tree -a
  the terminal is my friend, and shows
  . ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john └── lil 3 directories, 0 files
  - . is john when I am in john
  - the line in the tree that goes from . to lil shows I can go from john right to lil
  - the line in the tree that goes from . to .a_hidden_folder_in_john shows I can go from john right to .a_hidden_folder_in_john
no WSL
C:. ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john └── lil
I go up a level to the parent of john
```
cd ..
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../pumping_python/doe
```
I am back in doe

I use tree to show the files and folders related to doe

tree

the terminal is my friend, and shows

WSL/Linux/Mac

.
├── jane
│   └── mary
└── john
    └── lil

5 directories, 0 files

I use the -a option with tree

tree -a

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   └── mary
└── john
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    └── lil

8 directories, 0 files

no WSL

C:.
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   └── mary
└── john
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    └── lil

the lines show that

I can go from doe right to .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
I can go from doe right to jane
I can go from doe right to john
I can go from jane right to .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
I can go from jane right to mary
I can go from john right to .a_hidden_folder_in_john
I can go from john right to lil

I know how to look at directory relationships

how to make an empty file

I can use the touch or New-Item program to make empty files in a folder

WSL/Linux/Mac

I use touch to make an empty file in doe
```
touch a_file_in_doe
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
on Windows without Windows Subsystem for Linux

use New-Item in place of touch
```
New-Item a_file_in_doe
```
I use touch to make an empty hidden file in doe
```
touch .a_hidden_file_in_doe
```
I use ls to see what is in the folder
```
ls
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
a_file_in_doe  jane  john
```

I use ls with the -a option

ls -a

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
..
a_file_in_doe
.a_hidden_file_in_doe
.a_hidden_folder_in_doe
jane
john

no WSL

I use New-Item to make an empty file in doe
```
New-Item a_file_in_doe
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
I use New-Item to make an empty hidden file in doe
```
New-Item .a_hidden_file_in_doe
```

I use ls to show what is in doe

ls

the terminal is my friend, and shows

Mode            LastWriteTime   Length  Name
----            -------------   ------  ----
d-----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM         .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
d-----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM         jane
d-----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM         john
-a----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM      0  .a_hidden_file_in_doe
-a----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM      0  a_file_in_doe

the terminal does not show . and .. and always shows hidden folders and files on Windows without Windows Subsystem for Linux

I change directory to jane

cd jane

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.../pumping_python/doe/jane

WSL/Linux/Mac

I use touch to make an empty file in jane
```
touch aka_jane_doe
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
I use touch to make an empty hidden file in jane
```
touch .a_hidden_file_in_jane
```
the terminal goes back to the command line

I use ls to show what is in jane

ls -a

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
..
.a_hidden_file_in_jane
.a_hidden_folder_in_jane
aka_jane_doe
mary

no WSL

I use New-Item to make an empty file in jane
```
New-Item aka_jane_doe
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
I use New-Item to make an empty hidden file in jane
```
New-Item .a_hidden_file_in_jane
```
the terminal goes back to the command line

I use ls to show what is in jane

ls

the terminal is my friend, and shows

Mode            LastWriteTime   Length  Name
----            -------------   ------  ----
d-----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM         .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
d-----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM         mary
-a----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM      0  .a_hidden_file_in_jane
-a----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM      0  aka_jane_doe

the terminal does not show . and .. and always shows hidden folders and files on Windows without Windows Subsystem for Linux

I change directory to the parent of jane
```
cd ..
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../pumping_python/doe
```
I am back in doe

I change directory to john

cd john

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.../pumping_python/doe/john

WSL/Linux/Mac

I use touch to make an empty file in john
```
touch aka_john_doe
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
I use touch to make an empty hidden file in john
```
touch .a_hidden_file_in_john
```
the terminal goes back to the command line

I use ls to show what is in john

ls -a

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
..
.a_hidden_file_in_john
.a_hidden_folder_in_john
aka_john_doe
lil

no WSL

I use New-Item to make an empty file in john
```
New-Item aka_john_doe
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
I use New-Item to make an empty hidden file in john
```
New-Item .a_hidden_file_in_john
```
the terminal goes back to the command line

I use ls to show what is in john

ls

the terminal is my friend, and shows

Mode            LastWriteTime   Length  Name
----            -------------   ------  ----
d-----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM         .a_hidden_folder_in_john
d-----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM         lil
-a----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM      0  .a_hidden_file_in_john
-a----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM      0  aka_john_doe

the terminal does not show . and .. and always shows hidden folders and files on Windows without Windows Subsystem for Linux

I change directory to the parent of john
```
cd ..
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../pumping_python/doe
```
I am back in doe

I use tree to show the files and folders related to doe

Tip

Your terminal may use colors to show the difference between directories and files

WSL/Linux/Mac

tree

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
├── a_file_in_doe
├── jane
│   ├── aka_jane_doe
│   └── mary
└── john
    ├── aka_john_doe
    └── lil

5 directories, 3 files

I use tree with the -a option

tree -a

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
├── a_file_in_doe
├── .a_hidden_file_in_doe
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   ├── .a_hidden_file_in_jane
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   ├── aka_jane_doe
│   └── mary
└── john
    ├── .a_hidden_file_in_john
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    ├── aka_john_doe
    └── lil

8 directories, 6 files

no WSL

tree

the terminal is my friend, and shows

C:.
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   └── mary
└── john
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    └── lil

I use tree with the /F option to show files and folders

tree /F

the terminal is my friend, and shows

C:.
│   .a_hidden_file_in_doe
│   a_file_in_doe
│
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   │   .a_hidden_file_in_jane
│   │   aka_jane_doe
│   │
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   └── mary
└── john
    │   .a_hidden_file_in_john
    │   aka_john_doe
    │
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    └── lil

I know how to make an empty file

how to use directory relationships

I try to change directory from doe to mary in one step

cd mary

the terminal is my friend, and shows

WSL/Linux/Mac

cd: no such file or directory: mary

I use tree with the -d option to show only the directories

tree -d

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
├── jane
│   └── mary
└── john
    └── lil

5 directories

no WSL

Set-Location: Cannot find path
              'C:\...\pumping_python\doe\mary'
              because it does not exist

I use tree to show only the directories

tree

the terminal is my friend, and shows

C:.
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   └── mary
└── john
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    └── lil

there is no line from doe to mary because mary is not a child of doe
there is a line from jane to mary because mary is a child of jane
there is a line from doe to jane because jane is a child of doe

I can go from doe to jane to mary in one step with
```
cd jane/mary
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../doe/jane/mary
```
I cannot go to mary without its parent. How do I get back to doe?
I change directory to doe
```
cd doe
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
cd: no such file or directory: doe
```
- doe is not a child of mary
- I cannot go from mary to doe this way
I can go from mary back to doe in one step with ..
```
cd ../..
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../pumping_python/doe
```
I am back in doe
- .. is for the parent of a directory
- ../.. is for the parent of the parent, that is a grandparent. I can use as many as I need for each parent, for example ../../../.. is the great great grand parent
- .. from mary is jane
- .. from jane is doe

I try to change directory from doe to lil in one step

cd lil

the terminal is my friend, and shows

WSL/Linux/Mac

cd: no such file or directory: lil

I use tree with the -d option to show only the directories

tree -d

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
├── jane
│   └── mary
└── john
    └── lil

5 directories

no WSL

Set-Location: Cannot find path
              'C:\...\pumping_python\doe\lil'
              because it does not exist

I use tree to show only the directories

tree

the terminal is my friend, and shows

C:.
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   └── mary
└── john
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    └── lil

there is no line from doe to lil because lil is not a child of doe
there is a line from john to lil because lil is a child of john
there is a line from doe to john because john is a child of doe

I can go from doe to john to lil in one step with
```
cd john/lil
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../doe/john/lil
```
I cannot go to lil without its parent. How do I get back to doe?
I change directory to doe
```
cd doe
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
cd: no such file or directory: doe
```
- doe is not a child of lil
- I cannot go from lil to doe this way
I can go from lil back to doe in one step with ..
```
cd ../..
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../pumping_python/doe
```
🎶 that will bring us back to …/doe a deer, a female deer…🎶
- .. is for the parent of a directory
- ../.. is for the parent of the parent
- .. from lil is john
- .. from john is doe

Note

I can go right to folders that are where I am
I can go right from parent to child
I can use the path/address of a folder to go to it

I know how to use directory relationships

how to use touch with directory relationships

I use tree to show the files and folders related to doe

WSL/Linux/Mac

tree

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
├── a_file_in_doe
├── jane
│   ├── aka_jane_doe
│   └── mary
└── john
    ├── aka_john_doe
    └── lil

5 directories, 3 files

no WSL

tree /F

the terminal is my friend, and shows

C:.
│   .a_hidden_file_in_doe
│   a_file_in_doe
│
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   │   .a_hidden_file_in_jane
│   │   aka_jane_doe
│   │
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   └── mary
└── john
    │   .a_hidden_file_in_john
    │   aka_john_doe
    │
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    └── lil

I change directory to mary
```
cd jane/mary
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../doe/jane/mary
```
I am in mary
WSL/Linux/Mac
- I use touch to make an empty file in mary
  touch aka_mary_jane_doe
  the terminal goes back to the command line
- I use touch to make an empty hidden file in mary
  touch .a_hidden_file_in_mary
  the terminal goes back to the command line
no WSL
- I use New-Item to make an empty file in mary
  New-Item aka_mary_jane_doe
  the terminal goes back to the command line
- I use New-Item to make an empty hidden file in mary
  New-Item .a_hidden_file_in_mary
  the terminal goes back to the command line
I use mkdir to make a hidden directory in mary
```
mkdir .a_hidden_folder_in_mary
```
the terminal goes back to the command line

I use ls to show what is in mary

WSL/Linux/Mac

ls -a

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
..
.a_hidden_file_in_mary
.a_hidden_folder_in_mary
aka_mary_jane_doe

no WSL

ls

Tip

I can also use dir

the terminal is my friend, and shows

Mode            LastWriteTime   Length  Name
----            -------------   ------  ----
d-----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM         .a_hidden_folder_in_mary
-a----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM      0  .a_hidden_file_in_mary
-a----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM      0  aka_mary_jane_doe

I use cd to go back to the grandparent of mary
```
cd ../..
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
...pumping_python/doe
```
I am back in doe

I change directory to lil
```
cd john/lil
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../doe/john/lil
```
I am in lil
WSL/Linux/Mac
- I use touch to make an empty file in lil
  touch aka_lil_john_doe
- I use touch to make an empty hidden file in lil
  touch .a_hidden_file_in_lil
no WSL
- I use New-Item to make an empty file in lil
  New-Item aka_lil_john_doe
- I use New-Item to make an empty hidden file in lil
  New-Item .a_hidden_file_in_lil
I use mkdir to make a hidden directory in lil
```
mkdir .a_hidden_folder_in_lil
```

I use ls to show what is in lil

WSL/Linux/Mac

ls -a

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
..
.a_hidden_file_in_lil
.a_hidden_folder_in_lil
aka_lil_john_doe

no WSL

ls

Tip

I can also use dir

the terminal is my friend, and shows

Mode            LastWriteTime   Length  Name
----            -------------   ------  ----
d-----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM         .a_hidden_folder_in_lil
-a----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM      0  .a_hidden_file_in_lil
-a----    MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM A/PM      0  aka_lil_john_doe

I use cd to go back to the grandparent of lil
```
cd ../..
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
...pumping_python/doe
```
I am back in doe

I use tree to see what I have so far

WSL/Linux/Mac

tree

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
├── a_file_in_doe
├── jane
│   ├── aka_jane_doe
│   └── mary
│       └── aka_mary_jane_doe
└── john
    ├── aka_john_doe
    └── lil
        └── aka_lil_john_doe

5 directories, 5 files

I use tree with the -a option

tree -a

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
├── a_file_in_doe
├── .a_hidden_file_in_doe
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   ├── .a_hidden_file_in_jane
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   ├── aka_jane_doe
│   └── mary
│       ├── .a_hidden_file_in_mary
│       ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_mary
│       └── aka_mary_jane_doe
└── john
    ├── .a_hidden_file_in_john
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    ├── aka_john_doe
    └── lil
        ├── .a_hidden_file_in_lil
        ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_lil
        └── aka_lil_john_doe

10 directories, 10 files

no WSL

tree /F

the terminal is my friend, and shows

C:.
│   .a_hidden_file_in_doe
│   a_file_in_doe
│
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   │   .a_hidden_file_in_jane
│   │   aka_jane_doe
│   │
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   └── mary
│       │   .a_hidden_file_in_mary
│       │   aka_mary_jane_doe
│       │
│       └── .a_hidden_folder_in_mary
└── john
    │   .a_hidden_file_in_john
    │   aka_john_doe
    │
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    └── lil
        │   .a_hidden_file_in_lil
        │   aka_lil_john_doe
        │
        └── .a_hidden_folder_in_lil

WSL/Linux/Mac

I use touch to make an empty file in jane from inside doe
```
touch jane/child_of_doe
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
I use touch to make an empty file in mary from inside doe
```
touch jane/mary/grandchild_of_doe
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
I use touch to make an empty file in john from inside doe
```
touch john/child_of_doe
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
I use touch to make an empty file in lil from inside doe
```
touch john/lil/grandchild_of_doe
```
the terminal goes back to the command line

no WSL

I use New-Item to make an empty file in jane from inside doe
```
New-Item jane/child_of_doe
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
I use New-Item to make an empty file in mary from inside doe
```
New-Item jane/mary/grandchild_of_doe
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
I use New-Item to make an empty file in john from inside doe
```
New-Item john/child_of_doe
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
I use New-Item to make an empty file in lil from inside doe
```
New-Item john/lil/grandchild_of_doe
```
the terminal goes back to the command line

I use tree to show the files and folders related to doe

WSL/Linux/Mac

tree

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
├── a_file_in_doe
├── jane
│   ├── aka_jane_doe
│   ├── child_of_doe
│   └── mary
│       ├── aka_mary_jane_doe
│       └── grandchild_of_doe
└── john
    ├── aka_john_doe
    ├── child_of_doe
    └── lil
        ├── aka_lil_john_doe
        └── grandchild_of_doe

5 directories, 9 files

no WSL

tree /F

the terminal is my friend, and shows

C:.
│   .a_hidden_file_in_doe
│   a_file_in_doe
│
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   │   .a_hidden_file_in_jane
│   │   aka_jane_doe
│   │   child_of_doe
│   │
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   └── mary
│       │   .a_hidden_file_in_mary
│       │   aka_mary_jane_doe
│       │   grandchild_of_doe
│       │
│       └── .a_hidden_folder_in_mary
└── john
    │   .a_hidden_file_in_john
    │   aka_john_doe
    │   child_of_doe
    │
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    └── lil
        │   .a_hidden_file_in_lil
        │   aka_lil_john_doe
        │   grandchild_of_doe
        │
        └── .a_hidden_folder_in_lil

I change directory to jane
```
cd jane
```
WSL/Linux/Mac
- I use touch to make an empty file in mary from inside jane
  touch mary/child_of_jane
- I use touch to make an empty file in doe from inside jane
  touch ../aka_parent_of_jane
- I use touch to make an empty file in john from inside jane
  touch ../john/aka_sibling_of_jane
  - .. is the parent of jane which is doe
  - john is a child of doe
- I use touch to make an empty file in lil from inside jane
  touch ../john/lil/child_of_sibling_of_john
no WSL
- I use New-Item to make an empty file in mary from inside jane
  New-Item mary/child_of_jane
- I use New-Item to make an empty file in doe from inside jane
  New-Item ../aka_parent_of_jane
- I use New-Item to make an empty file in john from inside jane
  New-Item ../john/aka_sibling_of_jane
  - .. is the parent of jane which is doe
  - john is a child of doe
- I use New-Item to make an empty file in lil from inside jane
  New-Item ../john/lil/child_of_sibling_of_john
- .. is the parent of jane which is doe
- john is a child of doe
- lil is a child of john
I made a mistake - child_of_sibling_of_john should be child_of_sibling_of_jane

how to rename a file or directory

I can use the mv program to move a file and rename it at the same time.

I change directory to lil
```
cd ../john/lil
```
I use mv to change child_of_sibling_of_john to child_of_sibling_of_jane
```
mv child_of_sibling_of_john \
child_of_sibling_of_jane
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
Tip

I can also rename the file with one line from inside jane without cd (it is a long line)
```
mv ../john/lil/\
child_of_sibling_of_john \
../john/lil/\
child_of_sibling_of_jane
```
\ is a symbol that tells the computer I want to break up the line after I hit the enter/return key on the keyboard

mv means move, it takes two arguments

mv source target

source is the path/address I want to move the original file or folder from
target is the path/address I want to move the original file or folder to
this allows me to rename a file or folder in one step, the other way would be to
- copy the original file or folder from the source
- paste the copied file or folder at the target
- delete the original file or folder
that is two steps too many, I leave that to the dancers, give me one step.

I know how to rename a file

I use cd to go back to the grandparent of lil
```
cd ../..
```

I use tree to show the files and folders related to doe

WSL/Linux/Mac

tree

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
├── a_file_in_doe
├── aka_parent_of_jane
├── jane
│   ├── aka_jane_doe
│   ├── child_of_doe
│   └── mary
│       ├── aka_mary_jane_doe
│       ├── child_of_jane
│       └── grandchild_of_doe
└── john
    ├── aka_john_doe
    ├── aka_sibling_of_jane
    ├── child_of_doe
    └── lil
        ├── aka_lil_john_doe
        ├── child_of_sibling_of_jane
        └── grandchild_of_doe

5 directories, 13 files

no WSL

tree /F

the terminal is my friend, and shows

C:.
│   .a_hidden_file_in_doe
│   aka_parent_of_jane
│   a_file_in_doe
│
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   │   .a_hidden_file_in_jane
│   │   aka_jane_doe
│   │   child_of_doe
│   │
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   └── mary
│       │   .a_hidden_file_in_mary
│       │   aka_mary_jane_doe
│       │   child_of_jane
│       │   grandchild_of_doe
│       │
│       └── .a_hidden_folder_in_mary
└── john
    │   .a_hidden_file_in_john
    │   aka_john_doe
    │   aka_sibling_of_jane
    │   child_of_doe
    │
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    └── lil
        │   .a_hidden_file_in_lil
        │   aka_lil_john_doe
        │   child_of_sibling_of_jane
        │   grandchild_of_doe
        │
        └── .a_hidden_folder_in_lil

I change directory to john
```
cd john
```
WSL/Linux/Mac
- I use touch to make an empty file in lil from inside john
  touch lil/child_of_john
- I use touch to make an empty file in doe from inside john
  touch ../aka_parent_of_john
- I use touch to make an empty file in jane from inside john
  touch ../jane/aka_sibling_of_john
  - .. is the parent of john which is doe
  - jane is a child of doe
- I use touch to make an empty file in mary from inside john
  touch ../jane/mary/child_of_sibling_of_jane
no WSL
- I use New-Item to make an empty file in lil from inside john
  New-Item lil/child_of_john
- I use New-Item to make an empty file in doe from inside john
  New-Item ../aka_parent_of_john
- I use New-Item to make an empty file in jane from inside john
  New-Item ../jane/aka_sibling_of_john
  - .. is the parent of john which is doe
  - jane is a child of doe
- I use New-Item to make an empty file in mary from inside john
  New-Item ../jane/mary/child_of_sibling_of_jane
- .. is the parent of john which is doe
- jane is a child of doe
- mary is a child of jane
I made a mistake again - child_of_sibling_of_jane should be child_of_sibling_of_john
I change directory to mary
```
cd ../jane/mary
```
I use mv to change child_of_sibling_of_jane to child_of_sibling_of_john
```
mv child_of_sibling_of_jane \
child_of_sibling_of_john
```
the terminal goes back to the command line
Tip

I can also rename the file with one line from inside john without cd (it is a long line)
```
mv ../jane/mary/\
child_of_sibling_of_jane \
../jane/mary/\
child_of_sibling_of_john
```
\ is the symbol that tells the computer I want to break up the line after I hit the enter/return key on the keyboard
I use cd to go back to the grandparent of lil
```
cd ../..
```

I use tree to show the files and folders related to doe

WSL/Linux/Mac

tree

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
├── a_file_in_doe
├── aka_parent_of_jane
├── aka_parent_of_john
├── jane
│   ├── aka_jane_doe
│   ├── aka_sibling_of_john
│   ├── child_of_doe
│   └── mary
│       ├── aka_mary_jane_doe
│       ├── child_of_jane
│       ├── child_of_sibling_of_john
│       └── grandchild_of_doe
└── john
    ├── aka_john_doe
    ├── aka_sibling_of_jane
    ├── child_of_doe
    └── lil
        ├── aka_lil_john_doe
        ├── child_of_john
        ├── child_of_sibling_of_jane
        └── grandchild_of_doe

5 directories, 17 files

no WSL

tree /F

the terminal is my friend, and shows

C:.
│   .a_hidden_file_in_doe
│   aka_parent_of_jane
│   aka_parent_of_john
│   a_file_in_doe
│
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   │   .a_hidden_file_in_jane
│   │   aka_jane_doe
│   │   aka_sibling_of_john
│   │   child_of_doe
│   │
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   └── mary
│       │   .a_hidden_file_in_mary
│       │   aka_mary_jane_doe
│       │   child_of_jane
│       │   child_of_sibling_of_john
│       │   grandchild_of_doe
│       │
│       └── .a_hidden_folder_in_mary
└── john
    │   .a_hidden_file_in_john
    │   aka_john_doe
    │   aka_sibling_of_jane
    │   child_of_doe
    │
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    └── lil
        │   .a_hidden_file_in_lil
        │   aka_lil_john_doe
        │   child_of_john
        │   child_of_sibling_of_jane
        │   grandchild_of_doe
        │
        └── .a_hidden_folder_in_lil

I change directory to mary
```
cd jane/mary
```
WSL/Linux/Mac
- I use touch to make an empty file in jane from inside mary
  touch ../aka_parent_of_mary
- I use touch to make an empty file in doe from inside mary
  touch ../../aka_grandparent_of_mary
- I use touch to make an empty file in john from inside mary
  touch ../../john/aka_aunt_of_mary
no WSL
- I use New-Item to make an empty file in jane from inside mary
  New-Item ../aka_parent_of_mary
- I use New-Item to make an empty file in doe from inside mary
  New-Item ../../aka_grandparent_of_mary
- I use New-Item to make an empty file in john from inside mary
  New-Item ../../john/aka_aunt_of_mary
I made a mistake - aka_aunt_of_mary should be aka_uncle_of_mary
I change directory to john
```
cd ../../john
```
I use mv to change aka_aunt_of_mary to aka_uncle_of_mary
```
mv aka_aunt_of_mary aka_uncle_of_mary
```
I change directory back to mary
```
cd ../jane/mary
```
WSL/Linux/Mac
- I use touch to make an empty file in lil from inside mary
  touch ../../john/lil/cousin_of_mary
no WSL
- I use New-Item to make an empty file in lil from inside mary
  New-Item ../../john/lil/cousin_of_mary

I use tree to show the files and folders related to doe from inside mary

WSL/Linux/Mac

tree ../..

the terminal is my friend, and shows

../..
├── a_file_in_doe
├── aka_grandparent_of_mary
├── aka_parent_of_jane
├── aka_parent_of_john
├── jane
│   ├── aka_jane_doe
│   ├── aka_parent_of_mary
│   ├── aka_sibling_of_john
│   ├── child_of_doe
│   └── mary
│       ├── aka_mary_jane_doe
│       ├── child_of_jane
│       ├── child_of_sibling_of_john
│       └── grandchild_of_doe
└── john
    ├── aka_john_doe
    ├── aka_sibling_of_jane
    ├── aka_uncle_of_mary
    ├── child_of_doe
    └── lil
        ├── aka_lil_john_doe
        ├── child_of_john
        ├── child_of_sibling_of_jane
        ├── cousin_of_mary
        └── grandchild_of_doe

5 directories, 21 files

no WSL

tree ../.. /F

the terminal is my friend, and shows

C:.\...\PUMPING_PYTHON\DOE
│   .a_hidden_file_in_doe
│   aka_grandparent_of_mary
│   aka_parent_of_jane
│   aka_parent_of_john
│   a_file_in_doe
│
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   │   .a_hidden_file_in_jane
│   │   aka_jane_doe
│   │   aka_parent_of_mary
│   │   aka_sibling_of_john
│   │   child_of_doe
│   │
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   └── mary
│       │   .a_hidden_file_in_mary
│       │   aka_mary_jane_doe
│       │   child_of_jane
│       │   child_of_sibling_of_john
│       │   grandchild_of_doe
│       │
│       └── .a_hidden_folder_in_mary
└── john
    │   .a_hidden_file_in_john
    │   aka_john_doe
    │   aka_sibling_of_jane
    │   aka_uncle_of_mary
    │   child_of_doe
    │
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    └── lil
        │   .a_hidden_file_in_lil
        │   aka_lil_john_doe
        │   child_of_john
        │   child_of_sibling_of_jane
        │   cousin_of_mary
        │   grandchild_of_doe
        │
        └── .a_hidden_folder_in_lil

I change directory to lil from mary
```
cd ../../john/lil
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../doe/john/lil
```
WSL/Linux/Mac
- I use touch to make an empty file in john from inside lil
  touch ../aka_parent_of_lil
- I use touch to make an empty file in doe from inside lil
  touch ../../aka_grandparent_of_lil
- I use touch to make an empty file in jane from inside lil
  touch ../../jane/aka_uncle_of_lil
  I made another mistake - aka_uncle_of_lil should be aka_aunt_of_lil
no WSL
- I use New-Item to make an empty file in john from inside lil
  New-Item ../aka_parent_of_lil
- I use New-Item to make an empty file in doe from inside lil
  New-Item ../../aka_grandparent_of_lil
- I use New-Item to make an empty file in jane from inside lil
  New-Item ../../jane/aka_uncle_of_lil
  I made another mistake - aka_uncle_of_lil should be aka_aunt_of_lil
I change directory to jane
```
cd ../../jane
```
I use mv to change aka_uncle_of_lil to aka_aunt_of_lil
```
mv aka_uncle_of_lil aka_aunt_of_lil
```
I change directory back to lil
```
cd ../john/lil
```
WSL/Linux/Mac
- I use touch to make an empty file in mary from inside lil
  touch ../../jane/mary/cousin_of_lil
no WSL
- I use New-Item to make an empty file in mary from inside lil
  New-Item ../../jane/mary/cousin_of_lil

I use tree to show the files and folders related to doe from inside lil through the parent of doe

WSL/Linux/Mac

tree ../../../doe

the terminal is my friend, and shows

doe
├── a_file_in_doe
├── .a_hidden_file_in_doe
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── aka_grandparent_of_lil
├── aka_grandparent_of_mary
├── aka_parent_of_jane
├── aka_parent_of_john
├── jane
│   ├── .a_hidden_file_in_jane
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   ├── aka_aunt_of_lil
│   ├── aka_jane_doe
│   ├── aka_parent_of_mary
│   ├── aka_sibling_of_john
│   ├── child_of_doe
│   └── mary
│       ├── .a_hidden_file_in_mary
│       ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_mary
│       ├── aka_mary_jane_doe
│       ├── child_of_jane
│       ├── child_of_sibling_of_john
│       ├── cousin_of_lil
│       └── grandchild_of_doe
└── john
    ├── .a_hidden_file_in_john
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    ├── aka_john_doe
    ├── aka_parent_of_lil
    ├── aka_sibling_of_jane
    ├── aka_uncle_of_mary
    ├── child_of_doe
    └── lil
        ├── .a_hidden_file_in_lil
        ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_lil
        ├── aka_lil_john_doe
        ├── child_of_john
        ├── child_of_sibling_of_jane
        ├── cousin_of_mary
        └── grandchild_of_doe

10 directories, 30 files

no WSL

tree ../../../doe /F

the terminal is my friend, and shows

C:.\...\PUMPING_PYTHON\DOE
│   .a_hidden_file_in_doe
│   aka_grandparent_of_lil
│   aka_grandparent_of_mary
│   aka_parent_of_jane
│   aka_parent_of_john
│   a_file_in_doe
│
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   │   .a_hidden_file_in_jane
│   │   aka_aunt_of_lil
│   │   aka_jane_doe
│   │   aka_parent_of_mary
│   │   aka_sibling_of_john
│   │   child_of_doe
│   │
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   └── mary
│       │   .a_hidden_file_in_mary
│       │   aka_mary_jane_doe
│       │   child_of_jane
│       │   child_of_sibling_of_john
│       │   cousin_of_lil
│       │   grandchild_of_doe
│       │
│       └── .a_hidden_folder_in_mary
└── john
    │   .a_hidden_file_in_john
    │   aka_john_doe
    │   aka_parent_of_lil
    │   aka_sibling_of_jane
    │   aka_uncle_of_mary
    │   child_of_doe
    │
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    └── lil
        │   .a_hidden_file_in_lil
        │   aka_lil_john_doe
        │   child_of_john
        │   child_of_sibling_of_jane
        │   cousin_of_mary
        │   grandchild_of_doe
        │
        └── .a_hidden_folder_in_lil

.. is for the parent of lil which is john
../.. is for the parent of the parent of lil which is doe
../../.. is for the parent of the parent of the parent of lil which is pumping_python
doe is a child of pumping_python

I can add a file to any folder when I know its path or relation to where I am, if I have permission to write to the folder.

I know how to use touch with directory relationships

how to use ls with directory relationships

I can see what is in any folder when I know its path or relation to where I am.

I go to the parent of doe
```
cd ../../..
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../pumping_python
```
I am in pumping_python

I use ls to show what is in doe

WSL/Linux/Mac

ls -a doe

no WSL

ls doe

Tip

I can also use dir

dir doe

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
..
a_file_in_doe
.a_hidden_file_in_doe
.a_hidden_folder_in_doe
aka_grandparent_of_lil
aka_grandparent_of_mary
aka_parent_of_jane
aka_parent_of_john
jane
john

I use ls to show what is in jane

WSL/Linux/Mac

ls -a doe/jane

no WSL

ls doe/jane

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
..
.a_hidden_file_in_jane
.a_hidden_folder_in_jane
aka_aunt_of_lil
aka_jane_doe
aka_parent_of_mary
aka_sibling_of_john
child_of_doe
mary

I use ls to show what is in mary

WSL/Linux/Mac

ls -a doe/jane/mary

no WSL

ls doe/jane/mary

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
..
.a_hidden_file_in_mary
.a_hidden_folder_in_mary
aka_mary_jane_doe
child_of_jane
child_of_sibling_of_john
cousin_of_lil
grandchild_of_doe

I change directory to mary
```
cd doe/jane/mary
```

I use ls to show what is in john from inside mary

WSL/Linux/Mac

ls -a ../../john

no WSL

ls ../../john

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
..
.a_hidden_file_in_john
.a_hidden_folder_in_john
aka_john_doe
aka_parent_of_lil
aka_sibling_of_jane
aka_uncle_of_mary
child_of_doe
lil

I use ls to show what is in lil from inside mary

WSL/Linux/Mac

ls -a ../../john/lil

no WSL

ls ../../john/lil

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
..
.a_hidden_file_in_lil
.a_hidden_folder_in_lil
aka_lil_john_doe
child_of_john
child_of_sibling_of_jane
cousin_of_mary
grandchild_of_doe

I know how to use ls with directory relations

how to use tree with directory relationships

I use tree to show what is in lil

WSL/Linux/Mac

tree ../../john/lil

the terminal is my friend, and shows

../../john/lil
├── aka_lil_john_doe
├── child_of_john
├── child_of_sibling_of_jane
├── cousin_of_mary
└── grandchild_of_doe

1 directory, 5 files

no WSL

tree ../../john/lil /F

the terminal is my friend, and shows

C:\...\PUMPING_PYTHON\DOE\JOHN\LIL
│   .a_hidden_file_in_lil
│   aka_lil_john_doe
│   child_of_john
│   child_of_sibling_of_jane
│   cousin_of_mary
│   grandchild_of_doe
│
└── .a_hidden_folder_in_lil

I use tree to show what is in john

WSL/Linux/Mac

tree ../../john

the terminal is my friend, and shows

../../john
├── aka_john_doe
├── aka_parent_of_lil
├── aka_sibling_of_jane
├── aka_uncle_of_mary
├── child_of_doe
└── lil
    ├── aka_lil_john_doe
    ├── child_of_john
    ├── child_of_sibling_of_jane
    ├── cousin_of_mary
    └── grandchild_of_doe

2 directories, 10 files

no WSL

tree /F ../../john

the terminal is my friend, and shows

C:\...\PUMPING_PYTHON\DOE\JOHN
│   .a_hidden_file_in_john
│   aka_john_doe
│   aka_parent_of_lil
│   aka_sibling_of_jane
│   aka_uncle_of_mary
│   child_of_doe
│
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
└── lil
    │   .a_hidden_file_in_lil
    │   aka_lil_john_doe
    │   child_of_john
    │   child_of_sibling_of_jane
    │   cousin_of_mary
    │   grandchild_of_doe
    │
    └── .a_hidden_folder_in_lil

I change directories from mary to lil
```
cd ../../john/lil
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../doe/john/lil
```
I am in lil

I look at what is in mary from inside lil

WSL/Linux/Mac

ls -a ../../jane/mary

no WSL

ls ../../jane/mary

the terminal is my friend, and shows

.
..
.a_hidden_file_in_mary
.a_hidden_folder_in_mary
aka_mary_jane_doe
child_of_jane
child_of_sibling_of_john
cousin_of_lil
grandchild_of_doe

I use tree to show what is in mary

WSL/Linux/Mac

tree ../../jane/mary

the terminal is my friend, and shows

../../jane/mary
├── aka_mary_jane_doe
├── child_of_jane
├── child_of_sibling_of_john
├── cousin_of_lil
└── grandchild_of_doe

1 directory, 5 files

no WSL

tree ../../jane/mary /F

the terminal is my friend, and shows

C:\...\PUMPING_PYTHON\DOE\JANE\MARY
  │   .a_hidden_file_in_mary
  │   aka_mary_jane_doe
  │   child_of_jane
  │   child_of_sibling_of_john
  │   cousin_of_lil
  │   grandchild_of_doe
  │
  └── .a_hidden_folder_in_mary

I use tree to show what is in jane

WSL/Linux/Mac

tree ../../jane

the terminal is my friend, and shows

../../jane
├── aka_aunt_of_lil
├── aka_jane_doe
├── aka_parent_of_mary
├── aka_sibling_of_john
├── child_of_doe
└── mary
    ├── aka_mary_jane_doe
    ├── child_of_jane
    ├── child_of_sibling_of_john
    ├── cousin_of_lil
    └── grandchild_of_doe

2 directories, 10 files

no WSL

tree /F ../../jane

the terminal is my friend, and shows

C:\...\PUMPING_PYTHON\DOE\JANE
  │   .a_hidden_file_in_jane
  │   aka_aunt_of_lil
  │   aka_jane_doe
  │   aka_parent_of_mary
  │   aka_sibling_of_john
  │   child_of_doe
  │
  ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
  └── mary
      │   .a_hidden_file_in_mary
      │   aka_mary_jane_doe
      │   child_of_jane
      │   child_of_sibling_of_john
      │   cousin_of_lil
      │   grandchild_of_doe
      │
      └── .a_hidden_folder_in_mary

I go to the parent of doe
```
cd ../../..
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows
```
.../pumping_python
```

I show all the doe family directories

WSL/Linux/Mac

tree doe -ad

the terminal is my friend, and shows

doe
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   └── mary
│       └── .a_hidden_folder_in_mary
└── john
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    └── lil
        └── .a_hidden_folder_in_lil

10 directories

no WSL

tree doe

the terminal is my friend, and shows

C:\...\PUMPING_PYTHON\DOE
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   └── mary
│       └── .a_hidden_folder_in_mary
└── john
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    └── lil
        └── .a_hidden_folder_in_lil

I show the relationships of files and folders in doe

WSL/Linux/Mac

tree -a doe

the terminal is my friend, and shows

doe
├── a_file_in_doe
├── .a_hidden_file_in_doe
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── aka_grandparent_of_lil
├── aka_grandparent_of_mary
├── aka_parent_of_jane
├── aka_parent_of_john
├── jane
│   ├── .a_hidden_file_in_jane
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   ├── aka_aunt_of_lil
│   ├── aka_jane_doe
│   ├── aka_parent_of_mary
│   ├── aka_sibling_of_john
│   ├── child_of_doe
│   └── mary
│       ├── .a_hidden_file_in_mary
│       ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_mary
│       ├── aka_mary_jane_doe
│       ├── child_of_jane
│       ├── child_of_sibling_of_john
│       ├── cousin_of_lil
│       └── grandchild_of_doe
└── john
    ├── .a_hidden_file_in_john
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    ├── aka_john_doe
    ├── aka_parent_of_lil
    ├── aka_sibling_of_jane
    ├── aka_uncle_of_mary
    ├── child_of_doe
    └── lil
        ├── .a_hidden_file_in_lil
        ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_lil
        ├── aka_lil_john_doe
        ├── child_of_john
        ├── child_of_sibling_of_jane
        ├── cousin_of_mary
        └── grandchild_of_doe

10 directories, 30 files

I show the path for each file and folder in doe with the -a and -f options

tree -af doe

the terminal is my friend, and shows

doe
├── doe/a_file_in_doe
├── doe/.a_hidden_file_in_doe
├── doe/.a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── doe/aka_grandparent_of_lil
├── doe/aka_grandparent_of_mary
├── doe/aka_parent_of_jane
├── doe/aka_parent_of_john
├── doe/jane
│   ├── doe/jane/.a_hidden_file_in_jane
│   ├── doe/jane/.a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   ├── doe/jane/aka_aunt_of_lil
│   ├── doe/jane/aka_jane_doe
│   ├── doe/jane/aka_parent_of_mary
│   ├── doe/jane/aka_sibling_of_john
│   ├── doe/jane/child_of_doe
│   └── doe/jane/mary
│       ├── doe/jane/mary/.a_hidden_file_in_mary
│       ├── doe/jane/mary/.a_hidden_folder_in_mary
│       ├── doe/jane/mary/aka_mary_jane_Doe
│       ├── doe/jane/mary/child_Of_jane
│       ├── doe/jane/mary/child_of_sibling_of_john
│       ├── doe/jane/mary/cousin_of_lil
│       └── doe/jane/mary/grandchild_of_doe
└── doe/john
    ├── doe/john/.a_hidden_file_in_john
    ├── doe/john/.a_hidden_folder_in_john
    ├── doe/john/aka_john_doe
    ├── doe/john/aka_parent_of_lil
    ├── doe/john/aka_sibling_of_jane
    ├── doe/john/aka_uncle_of_mary
    ├── doe/john/child_of_doe
    └── doe/john/lil
        ├── doe/john/lil/.a_hidden_file_in_lil
        ├── doe/john/lil/.a_hidden_folder_in_lil
        ├── doe/john/lil/aka_lil_john_doe
        ├── doe/john/lil/child_of_john
        ├── doe/john/lil/child_of_sibling_of_jane
        ├── doe/john/lil/cousin_of_mary
        └── doe/john/lil/grandchild_of_doe

10 directories, 30 files

no WSL

tree /F doe

the terminal is my friend, and shows

C:.\...\PUMPING_PYTHON\DOE
│   .a_hidden_file_in_doe
│   aka_grandparent_of_lil
│   aka_grandparent_of_mary
│   aka_parent_of_jane
│   aka_parent_of_john
│   a_file_in_doe
│
├── .a_hidden_folder_in_doe
├── jane
│   │   .a_hidden_file_in_jane
│   │   aka_aunt_of_lil
│   │   aka_jane_doe
│   │   aka_parent_of_mary
│   │   aka_sibling_of_john
│   │   child_of_doe
│   │
│   ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_jane
│   └── mary
│       │   .a_hidden_file_in_mary
│       │   aka_mary_jane_doe
│       │   child_of_jane
│       │   child_of_sibling_of_john
│       │   cousin_of_lil
│       │   grandchild_of_doe
│       │
│       └── .a_hidden_folder_in_mary
└── john
    │   .a_hidden_file_in_john
    │   aka_john_doe
    │   aka_parent_of_lil
    │   aka_sibling_of_jane
    │   aka_uncle_of_mary
    │   child_of_doe
    │
    ├── .a_hidden_folder_in_john
    └── lil
        │   .a_hidden_file_in_lil
        │   aka_lil_john_doe
        │   child_of_john
        │   child_of_sibling_of_jane
        │   cousin_of_mary
        │   grandchild_of_doe
        │
        └── .a_hidden_folder_in_lil

I can do things with files and folders in one step as long as

I know their paths/addresses
I know their relation to where I am and
I can write to them

It is easier to go where I want, if I know where I am.

I know how to use directory relationships

how to remove a directory and all the things in it

I try to remove doe and all its children and their children
WSL/Linux/Mac
rm doe
the terminal is my friend, and shows
rm: cannot remove 'doe': Is a directory
I cannot remove a directory this way
- I remove doe and all its children and their children with the -r/--recursive option
  
  Danger
  
  This is a destructive operation that takes a lot of work and time to undo on MacOS or Linux/Windows Subsystem for Linux. Do you want to do it?
  rm --recursive doe
  the terminal goes back to the command line
  - rm means remove
  - --recursive or -r means remove child directories and what is in them until there is nothing left. It goes through every directory in the tree and removes everything
no WSL
Remove-Item doe
the terminal is my friend, and shows
Confirm The item at C:\...\pumping_python\doe has children and the Recurse parameter was not specified. If you continue, all children will be removed with the item. Are you sure you want to continue? [Y] Yes [A] Yes to All [N] No [L] No to All [S] Suspend [?] Help (default is "Y"):
I could use A on the keyboard to answer Yes to All or give one command to delete all the files and folders and ask me no questions.

I use ctrl+c on the keyboard to go back to the command line then use Remove-Item with the -Recurse and -Force options
Remove-Item doe -Recurse -Force
- Remove-Item is used to remove files and folders
- -Recurse means remove child directories and what is in them until there is nothing left. It goes through every directory in the tree and removes everything
- -Force means do not ask me any questions, just remove the file or folder

I try to change directory back to doe

cd doe

the terminal is my friend, and shows

WSL/Linux/Mac

cd: no such file or directory: doe

no WSL

Set-Location: Cannot find path
              'C:\...\pumping_python\doe'
              because it does not exist

doe is gone!

review

I ran these commands to play with folders (directories)

mkdir to make directories
cd to change directories
ls to show what is in directories
tree to show the relationships between directories
touch to make empty files
mv to rename or move files
rm to remove directories

How many questions do you think you can answer after going through this chapter?

code from the chapter

Do you want to see all the CODE I typed in this chapter?

what is next?

You know

how to make a directory
how to see what is in a directory
how to look at directory relationships
how to make an empty file
how to use directory relationships
how to use touch with directory relationships
how to use ls with directory relationships
how to use tree with directory relationships
how to rename a file or directory

Homework

use these commands - mkdir, cd, ls, tree and touch - to make your family tree. Send it to me when you are done.

Click Here to see me make a Python Test Driven Development Environment

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