truth table: Nullary and Unary Operations

preview

These are the tests I have at the end of the chapters

import src.truth_table
import unittest


class TestNullaryOperations(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_logical_true(self):
        self.assertTrue(
            src.truth_table.logical_true()
        )

    def test_logical_false(self):
        self.assertFalse(
            src.truth_table.logical_false()
        )


class TestUnaryOperations(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_logical_identity(self):
        self.assertTrue(
            src.truth_table.logical_identity(True)
        )
        self.assertFalse(
            src.truth_table.logical_identity(False)
        )

    def test_logical_negation_aka_not(self):
        self.assertFalse(
            src.truth_table.logical_negation(True)
        )
        self.assertTrue(
            src.truth_table.logical_negation(False)
        )


# Exceptions seen
# AssertionError
# AttributeError
# TypeError

questions about Nullary and Unary Operations

Questions to think about as I go through the chapter

what are the Nullary Operations?
How many inputs do Nullary Operations take?
what are the Unary Operations?
How many inputs do Unary Operations take?
what is a function that returns its input as output?
what is not?
what is a function that returns the negation of its input as output?
how can I return the opposite of a boolean?

requirements

truth table

Nullary Operations

There are 2 Nullary operations - Logical True and Logical False. They do not take input and always return False or True.

test_logical_true

RED: make it fail

I change the name of test_truth_table.py to test_nullary_unary.py

I change the name of the class from TestTruthTable to TestNullaryOperations and test_failure to test_logical_true in test_nullary_unary.py

import src.truth_table
import unittest


class TestNullaryOperations(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_logical_true(self):
        self.assertTrue(
            src.truth_table.logical_true()
        )


# Exceptions seen
# AssertionError

the terminal is my friend, and shows AttributeError

AttributeError: module 'src.truth_table'
                has no attribute 'logical_true'

because I have not added a definition for logical_true to truth_table.py in the src folder.

GREEN: make it pass

I add AttributeError to the list of Exceptions seen in test_nullary_unary.py
```
13# Exceptions seen
14# AssertionError
15# AttributeError
```
I open truth_table.py from the src folder of my Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
I remove all the text in the file then add a function to truth_table.py
```
1def logical_true():
2    return None
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows AssertionError
```
AssertionError: None is not true
```
because the function returns None and the assertion expects True.

I change None to True in the return statement

def logical_true():
    # return None
    return True

the test passes.

I remove the commented line
```
1def logical_true():
2    return True
```
I open a new terminal, then add the new files and folder to git for tracking
```
git add .
```
I add a git commit message
```
git commit -am 'add logical_true'
```

logical_true does not take any input and always returns True.

test_logical_false

RED: make it fail

I go back to the terminal where the tests are running

I add a test for logical_false to test_nullary_unary.py

    def test_logical_true(self):
        self.assertTrue(
            src.truth_table.logical_true()
        )

    def test_logical_false(self):
        self.assertFalse(
            src.truth_table.logical_false()
        )


# Exceptions seen

the terminal is my friend, and shows AttributeError

AttributeError: module 'src.truth_table'
                has no attribute 'logical_false'.
                Did you mean: 'logical_true'?

because I have not added a definition for logical_false to truth_table.py, I only added one for logical_true.

GREEN: make it pass

I add a function to truth_table.py

def logical_true():
    return True


def logical_false():
    return True

the terminal is my friend, and shows AssertionError

AssertionError: True is not false

because the function returns True and the assertion expects False.

I change True to False in the return statement

def logical_false():
    # return True
    return False

the test passes.

I remove the commented line

def logical_false():
    return False

I add a git commit message in the other terminal
```
git commit -am 'add logical_false'
```
logical_true always returns True
logical_false always returns False
the two Nullary Operations do not take input

return

operation

True

logical_true

False

logical_false

Unary Operations

There are 2 unary operations: Logical Identity and Logical Negation, they each take one input and return False or True.

test_logical_identity

RED: make it fail

I go back to the terminal where the tests are running

I add a new TestCase for Unary Operations with a test for logical_identity when it gets True as input

input	output
True	True

class TestNullaryOperations(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_logical_true(self):
        self.assertTrue(
            src.truth_table.logical_true()
        )

    def test_logical_false(self):
        self.assertFalse(
            src.truth_table.logical_false()
        )


class TestUnaryOperations(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_logical_identity(self):
        self.assertTrue(
            src.truth_table.logical_identity(True)
        )


# Exceptions seen

the terminal is my friend, and shows AttributeError

AttributeError: module 'src.truth_table'
                has no attribute 'logical_identity'

because I need to add a definition for logical_identity to truth_table.py

GREEN: make it pass

I add the function to truth_table.py

def logical_false():
    return False


def logical_identity():
    return False

the terminal is my friend, and shows TypeError

TypeError: logical_identity() takes
           0 positional arguments but 1 was given

because the test called the logical_identity function with 1 argument and the definition does not allow any arguments (the parentheses are empty).

I add TypeError to the list of Exceptions seen in test_nullary_unary.py

# Exceptions seen
# AssertionError
# AttributeError
# TypeError

I add a name in parentheses so that logical_identity can take calls with one input, in truth_table.py
```
 9# def logical_identity():
10def logical_identity(the_input):
11    return False
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows AssertionError
```
AssertionError: False is not true
```
because the function returns False and the assertion expects True

I change the return statement to give the test what it wants

# def logical_identity():
def logical_identity(the_input):
    # return False
    return True

the test passes.

REFACTOR: make it better

I add another assertion to test_logical_identity in test_nullary_unary.py for the case when it gets False as input

input	output
False	False

    def test_logical_identity(self):
        self.assertTrue(
            src.truth_table.logical_identity(True)
        )
        self.assertFalse(
            src.truth_table.logical_identity(False)
        )


# Exceptions seen

the terminal is my friend, and shows AssertionError

AssertionError: True is not false

because the function returns True and the assertion expects False.

I change the return statement of logical_identity in truth_table.py
```
 9# def logical_identity():
10def logical_identity(the_input):
11    return False
12    # return True
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows AssertionError
```
AssertionError: False is not true
```
because the assertion that was passing before, expects True and the function now returns False.

I change the return statement of the function

# def logical_identity():
def logical_identity(the_input):
    # return False
    # return True
    return the_input

the test passes.

I remove the commented lines

def logical_false():
    return False


def logical_identity(the_input):
    return the_input

I add a git commit message in the other terminal
```
git commit -am 'add logical_identity'
```

This is what happens when the logical_identity function is called

it returns True, if the input is True
it returns False, if the input is False
it returns the input as output

Tip

the_input is a name, I can use any name.

input	output
True	True
False	False

test_logical_negation

RED: make it fail

I add a test for logical_negation with an assertion for when it gets True as input, to test_nullary_unary.py

input	output
True	False

    def test_logical_identity(self):
        self.assertTrue(
            src.truth_table.logical_identity(True)
        )
        self.assertFalse(
            src.truth_table.logical_identity(False)
        )

    def test_logical_negation(self):
        self.assertFalse(
            src.truth_table.logical_negation(True)
        )


# Exceptions seen

the terminal is my friend, and shows AttributeError

AttributeError: module 'src.truth_table'
                has no attribute 'logical_negation'

there is no definition for logical_negation in truth_table.py

GREEN: make it pass

I add the function to truth_table.py

def logical_identity(the_input):
    return the_input


def logical_negation(the_input):
    return the_input

the terminal is my friend, and shows AssertionError

AssertionError: True is not false

because the function returned True and the assertion expects False.

I change the return statement to give the test what it wants

def logical_negation(the_input):
    # return the_input
    return False

the test passes.

REFACTOR: make it better

I add another assertion to test_logical_negation for when logical_negation gets False as input, in test_nullary_unary.py

input	output
False	True

    def test_logical_negation(self):
        self.assertFalse(
            src.truth_table.logical_negation(True)
        )
        self.assertTrue(
            src.truth_table.logical_negation(False)
        )


# Exceptions seen

the terminal is my friend, and shows AssertionError

AssertionError: False is not true

because the function returns False and the new assertion expects True.

I change the return statement of the logical_negation function in truth_table.py
```
13def logical_negation(the_input):
14    # return the_input
15    # return False
16    return True
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows AssertionError
```
AssertionError: True is not false
```
the test fails for the assertion that passed before, because the function now returns True and that assertion expects False.
I make the function return its input again
```
13def logical_negation(the_input):
14    return the_input
15    # return False
16    # return True
```
the terminal is my friend, and shows AssertionError
```
AssertionError: True is not false
```
this means the expectation of the test is that the logical_negation function
- returns True if the input is False
- returns False if the input is True
- returns the opposite of the input it gets

how to return the opposite of a boolean

I can use the not keyword to return the opposite of the boolean after it. I add it to the return statement

def logical_negation(the_input):
    return not the_input
    # return the_input
    # return False
    # return True

the test passes.

I remove the commented lines
```
13def logical_negation(the_input):
14    return not the_input
```
This is what happens when the logical_negation function is called
- it returns False, if the input is True
- it returns True, if the input is False
- it returns the opposite of the input, as output

I add to the name of the test

class TestUnaryOperations(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_logical_identity(self):
        self.assertTrue(
            src.truth_table.logical_identity(True)
        )
        self.assertFalse(
            src.truth_table.logical_identity(False)
        )

    def test_logical_negation_aka_not(self):
        self.assertFalse(
            src.truth_table.logical_negation(True)
        )
        self.assertTrue(
            src.truth_table.logical_negation(False)
        )


# Exceptions seen

I add a git commit message in the other terminal
```
git commit -am 'add logical_negation'
```

logical_negation also known as not returns the opposite of its input

input	output
True	False
False	True

close the project

I close test_nullary_unary.py and truth_table.py
I click in the terminal where the tests are running
I use q on the keyboard to leave the tests. The terminal goes back to the command line.
I change directory to the parent of truth_table
```
cd ..
```
the terminal shows
```
.../pumping_python
```
I am back in the pumping_python directory.

review

I ran these tests for Nullary Operations which take no input

test_logical_true
test_logical_false

and for Unary operations which take one input

test_logical_identity
test_logical_negation

the truth table for Unary Operations is

return	True	False	operation
the_input	True	False	logical_identity
not the_input	False	True	logical_negation (NOT)

How many questions can you answer after going through this chapter?

code from the chapter

Do you want to see all the CODE I typed for Nullary and Unary Operations?

what is next?

Would you like to test binary operations? they take only two inputs

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